Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or infrequently APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long term relationships.[3] A weak or nonexistent conscience is often apparent, as well as a history of rule-breaking that can sometimes lead to law-breaking, a tendency towards substance abuse,[3] and impulsive and aggressive behaviour.[4][5] Antisocial behaviors often have their onset before the age of 8, and in nearly 80% of ASPD cases, the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11.[6] The Prevalence of ASPD peaks in people age 24 to 44 years old, and often decreases in people age 45 to 64 years.[6] In the United States, the rate of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is estimated between 0.2 and 3.3 percent.[7] However, settings can greatly influence the prevalence of ASPD. In a study by Donald W. Black MD, a random sampling of 320 newly incarcerated offenders found ASPD was present in over 35 percent of those surveyed.[8] Antisocial personality disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), while the equivalent concept of dissocial personality disorder (DPD) is defined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD); the primary theoretical distinction between the two is that antisocial personality disorder focuses on observable behaviours, while dissocial personality disorder focuses on affective deficits.[9] Otherwise, both manuals provide similar criteria for diagnosing the disorder.[10] Both have also stated that their diagnoses have been referred to, or include what is referred to, as psychopathy or sociopathy. However, some researchers have drawn distinctions between the concepts of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, with many researchers arguing that psychopathy is a disorder that overlaps with but is distinguishable from ASPD.[11][12][13][14][15]Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD or infrequently APD) is a personality disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others as well as a difficulty sustaining long term relationships.[3] A weak or nonexistent conscience is often apparent, as well as a history of rule-breaking that can sometimes lead to law-breaking, a tendency towards substance abuse,[3] and impulsive and aggressive behaviour.[4][5] Antisocial behaviors often have their onset before the age of 8, and in nearly 80% of ASPD cases, the subject will develop their first symptoms by age 11.[6] The Prevalence of ASPD peaks in people age 24 to 44 years old, and often decreases in people age 45 to 64 years.[6] In the United States, the rate of antisocial personality disorder in the general population is estimated between 0.2 and 3.3 percent.[7] However, settings can greatly influence the prevalence of ASPD. In a study by Donald W. Black MD, a random sampling of 320 newly incarcerated offenders found ASPD was present in over 35 percent of those surveyed.[8] Antisocial personality disorder is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), while the equivalent concept of dissocial personality disorder (DPD) is defined in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD); the primary theoretical distinction between the two is that antisocial personality disorder focuses on observable behaviours, while dissocial personality disorder focuses on affective deficits.[9] Otherwise, both manuals provide similar criteria for diagnosing the disorder.[10] Both have also stated that their diagnoses have been referred to, or include what is referred to, as psychopathy or sociopathy. However, some researchers have drawn distinctions between the concepts of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, with many researchers arguing that psychopathy is a disorder that overlaps with but is distinguishable from ASPD.[11][12][13][14][15]
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- ^ May FS, Chen QC, Gilbertson MW, Shenton ME, Pitman RK (March 2004). "Cavum septum pellucidum in monozygotic twins discordant for combat exposure: relationship to posttraumatic stress disorder". Biological Psychiatry. 55 (6): 656–8. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.018. PMC 2794416. PMID 15013837.
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- ^ Alterman AI, Rutherford MJ, Cacciola JS, McKay JR, Boardman CR (February 1998). "Prediction of 7 months methadone maintenance treatment response by four measures of antisociality". Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 49 (3): 217–23. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(98)00015-5. PMID 9571386.
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- ^ Hatchett G (1 January 2015). "Treatment Guidelines for Clients with Antisocial Personality Disorder". Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 37 (1): 15–27. doi:10.17744/mehc.37.1.52g325w385556315. ISSN 1040-2861.
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- ^ a b Azeredo A, Moreira D, Figueiredo P, Barbosa F (December 2019). "Delinquent Behavior: Systematic Review of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors". Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 22 (4): 502–526. doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00298-w. PMID 31367800.
- ^ a b Baglivio MT, Wolff KT, Piquero AR, Epps N (May 2015). "The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and juvenile offending trajectories in a juvenile offender sample". Journal of Criminal Justice. 43 (3): 229–41. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.04.012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Fisher KA, Hany M (23 November 2019). "Antisocial Personality Disorder". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
- ^ a b c d "Antisocial Personality Disorder". Harvard Health Publishing. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
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- ^ Habel U, Kühn E, Salloum JB, Devos H, Schneider F (September 2002). "Emotional processing in psychopathic personality". Aggressive Behavior. 28 (5): 394–400. doi:10.1002/ab.80015.
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- ^ a b Krasnova A, Eaton WW, Samuels JF (May 2019). "Antisocial personality and risks of cause-specific mortality: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study with 27 years of follow-up". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 54 (5): 617–625. doi:10.1007/s00127-018-1628-5. PMID 30506390. S2CID 54221869.
- ^ a b c Azevedo J, Vieira-Coelho M, Castelo-Branco M, Coelho R, Figueiredo-Braga M (March 2020). "Impulsive and premeditated aggression in male offenders with antisocial personality disorder". PLOS ONE. 15 (3): e0229876. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1529876A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229876. PMC 7059920. PMID 32142531.
- ^ "Antisocial personality disorder". nhs.uk. 21 March 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
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- ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1952. p. 38. ISBN 978-0890420171.
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